Still fairing

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The long, slow and laborious process of fairing continues. I was happy that over the weekend, I did make port and starboard contact at the bow. Although its hard to tell if its just the angle of the photo, it looks like I need to balance the symmetry of the joining sheer lines. I also have a small gap there on the front starboard side that I need to fill with epoxy.

The great news is, even though fairing is taking a long time, it is getting closer to being done.


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Single Bladed Paddles Get a Tank Test

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Ive been working on a bunch of single bladed paddles for a number of reasons.  The first is that I was making a single bladed paddle blank for one of my kayak students. And once I got going on that paddle, I thought, why not make a bunch more. The second reason is that when I make double bladed kayak paddles,  I always have some thirty inch lengths of wood left over that I cant use on the double bladed paddles but that are long enough for single bladed paddles.
So I got four paddles roughed in for myself, two are the Aleut single bladed paddles I made out of a double bladed paddle that I had cut in half.  Go back a few posts for the details on that. And two of the paddles were canoe paddles of roughly Ojibwe style.  At least I think one of them is since its based on lines I took off a paddle I saw at the Ojebwe Museum in Lac Du Flambeau, Wisconsin.
Photo of my SOF canoe at the Encinal boat ramp on SF Bay.  The dark blue part is the Bay.  The medium blue stripe along the horizon is the SF peninsula.
Heres a 3/4 shot of the canoe with paddles spread out for the photo.
A better view of the paddles from the blade end.  The two on either side are the two halves of the former double balded Aleut paddle.  The second from the left has an eight inch wide blade and a length of 64 inches.  The third from the left is based on the paddle in the Ojebwe Museum.  The blade on that one is six inches wide and total length is 68 inches.
And this is a view from the end of the handles.  The two middle handles are based on traditional Ojibwe samples.  The two on the outside are tee handles mortised to the ends of the paddles.  After taking the paddles out I decided to round over the outside edges of the handles some more since I found myself using them with the upper hand on the outer edge of the handle rather than square in the middle as you might think.  This is the kind of thing one discovers on tank tests.
What found on the tank test was that I really liked the Aleut paddles even though they had less surface area than the other two canoe type paddles.  On the other hand, the canoe paddles, especially the one that was 68 inches long worked better for paddling on one side only by transitioning to a rudder stroke at the end of each propulsion stroke.  With the Aleut paddles, I had to do two strokes on one side then switch to the other side to get the boat to swivel back in the other direction.  Im not sure why that was, it may simply have been that with the canoe paddles with their bigger blade area I was able to do a rudder stroke more easily.
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Whatever Happend to Do It Yourself

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Boat plans from Popular Mechanics Magazine
Whenever I am giving a kayak building demonstration somewhere in a public space, some guy in his sixties or seventies will come up and say, "Yeah, I remember building one of these in the Boy Scouts."  The point worth mentioning here is that it is never a forty or thirty year old or even a fifty year old that comes up and says, "Yeah, I remember building one of these in the Boy Scouts."  My statistical sample isnt very large, but it seems to me that sometime in the post-WWII era, people built stuff and then they stopped.

So what happened? 
I have some theories. 
One of the factors that encouraged the do it yourself movement was prosperity and the high cost of wages.  Since most things consumed in the US were made in the US rather than imported, manufactured goods were relatively expensive because of the cost of labor.  So if you made something yourself, you could save on the cost of labor. Also, since manufacturing was still a big part of the US economy, the skills to make things were still valued and encouraged.  Schools were still expected to turn out graduates that could enter a job market where manual skills were valued. 
Folding kayak built from Popular Mechanics plans
And there were magazines like Popular Mechanics and Mechanix Illustrated to cater to do-it-yourselfers with plans and instructions. It seems like the golden age of  home made projects.
The other factor working against home made boats is the invention of roto-molded boats. This process eliminates most of the human labor from the making of a boat.  Kayaks and canoes can be made in a mold.  A little clean-up and some trim is all that needs to be added to make a finished boat.  The cost of these boats is so low compared to making your own that the effort hardly seems justified from a cost perspective.
Still, various plywood boat kit manufacturers seem to be making a living turning out kits for home builders. But a kit is not the same thing as making something off a set of plans out of a magazine.  I suspect that kits are popular because the general level of confidence to make something by hand has declined considerably since the middle of the twentieth century. 
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Squirt Brief chronology of a short boat

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Although I never actually finished my Squirt, I’ll share my build story with you. Perhaps it will give some helpful insight to the new builder. Perhaps it will help you to avoid some of the mistakes I made.


This is the paint scheme Id conceived for my Squirt. It is based largely on the Squirt "Fastidiots" I saw at the G5 Gathering.

  

First of all, let’s start with the basics: What is a Squirt? And, why did I opt for this plan instead of the Zip?

The Squirt is a classically-styled runabout, very much like the Zip in its overall appearance. Its just a good bit smaller. Frequently built at 11 feet in length (rather than the original 10 ft), the Squirt has a beam of 4’ 4”. As such, it only has enough room for two people. Although it is small in size, the Squirt in my opinion is an equally graceful design as the Zip. I consider it quite an accomplishment of design that Mr. Witt was able to design such a small runabout without it looking like a toy. A well-made Squirt is really a sight to behold.

Why did I choose this design over a Zip initially? It basically boils down to this: Having very little woodworking experience, and about an equal amount of woodworking skill, I felt that the Squirt would be a more realistic goal for a first-time build. I felt I had a better chance of finishing it once I’d started the project. Also, being a smaller boat, it needed a smaller motor... less cost, less material, etc, etc.

The first step was to transfer the plans onto wood. The way I went about this was to trace the patterns onto poster board, then cut out the poster board parts and use them as templates to transfer to the wood.

Poster board frame member templates & the pine forward deck beam
The plans show half-breadths of the frames. So, you have to flip the plans in order to draw the parts out full-size. As you can see from my poster board cut-outs, I only used the half-breadth, then flipped the template itself when I traced it onto the wood. I think this was a mistake, as it opens up more opportunities for error. I wound up with some asymmetry in my frames from doing this. Better to follow the instructions and trace the plans directly to the stock you’re going to use.

Frame #2, without backing piece, showing the gap where the aft end of the stem fits.
The bottom members of frame #2 (the forward frame) do not actually mate together directly. There is a gap between them, into which the stem fits. The stem butts against a backing frame member. This backing member also joins the two bottom members.

Frame # 2 with the backing piece. The deck beam would actually be installed on the opposite side of the side members.
Once the frame members are cut out, they are assembled with epoxy and screws by fastening gussets to the butt-joined frame members. I used vertical grain Southern Yellow Pine for most of my frame members. For the gussets, I used standard pine exterior-grade 1/4” plywood. Perhaps for the gussets, that wasn’t such a big deal. Marine-grade plywood made from better material (Douglas Fir, Mahogany) would have been better. For fasteners, I used stainless steel wood screws. I believe that was another mistake. There are plenty of comments online that stainless steel WILL rust if it stays wet long enough. Definitely get the recommended bronze screws. But, be careful with them. They’re soft & the heads will strip out on you very easily.

Close-up of frame #1 gussets
Frame #1 assembled
The transom is made by fastening the transom frame members to the plywood transom using epoxy and screws.  A solid wood motor board is fastened similarly to the interior center of the transom. On the first transom I built, I used cheap pine 3/4” exterior-grade plywood because the marine grade plywood was expensive and unavailable locally. That was a mistake. Get the marine grade plywood from wherever you have to go to get it from a reputable lumber yard. It will be made of better material, with minimal or no voids. And, being of better quality, handled by more professional wood merchants, it will be straighter.

Gluing frame members onto the transom using Glen-L Poxy Grip epoxy. (This is actually the second transom I built.)
This is how I botched the first transom. "Lusitania 13" was born.
The transom, viewed from the side, is raked backward at a 12° angle. As such, the bottom of the transom is beveled accordingly. I cut this bevel with my circular saw, making my next mistake: I cut the bevel the wrong way, meaning the transom would rake inward... NOT outward. I had to scrap the whole transom. The correct nautical term for this is “firewood.” At this point, I named the boat “Lusitania 13” because of all the luck I was having with it.

Lesson learned: Don’t try to pre-cut that bottom transom bevel unless you’re an expert wood craftsman. Deal with it during the fairing process, and save yourself a big headache. I built a new transom using marine-grade 3/4” plywood (Douglas Fir), and was much happier with the results.

Once the frames are constructed, they are mounted upside-down on a building form. Take construction of your building form very seriously. Take your time. Read the instructions thoroughly and understand them. Make certain that the form is level and true in all the required areas. I did not. Surprise! Misaligned parts. Not what you want.

Placing frames on the construction form.
The stem is made by laminating two pieces of 3/4” plywood together using epoxy and screws. Again, use the bronze screws. I used Glen-L Poxy-Grip on all of my assembly up to this point. Poxy-Grip is a very viscous two-part adhesive. Its thickness helps greatly to fill gaps in less-than-perfect joints. This can also be accomplished by thickening regular epoxy with fillers such as silica or wood flour, or a combination of thickening agents.

The breasthook assembly is similarly constructed from two pieces of 3/4” plywood. The bottom portion has a notch cut in it. This notched portion fits down directly onto the upper surface of the stem. Take the alignment of these parts very seriously as you cut and assemble them. I did not, and as a result, my breasthook was out of alignment with the centerline of the stem. Don’t be intimidated by the need for all this alignment. It is NOT hard... just take your time and pay attention. Mark all your center lines clearly, work slowly, and concentrate. It pays off.

A note about the breasthook assembly: The forward tip of it will extend outward past the  stem just a little bit. This is so that there is enough material there to fair away so that the sweeping upward curve of the stem can be carried through the breasthook.


Once constructed, the stem / breasthook assembly fits into its notch on the forward face of frame #2. The keel is also placed into position before the stem assembly is fastened on permanently. I did not get that far.

I had built my stem from cheap 3/4” pine exterior-grade plywood from one of the big-box stores. When dry-fitting it into place, I realized that the stem had so much of a bend in it that the breasthook was a full two inches off-center from the centerline of the boat. And the breasthook wasn’t on straight anyway. And my building form wasn’t correctly level and true, so my frame alignment was off. And there was asymmetry in the frames.

Lusitania 13, one sigh away from being scrapped.

At this point, knowing that I was in for re-construction of some major parts, as well as my building form, and knowing that the finished boat would be too small to carry me and both my kids, I decided to scuttle the project. I decided to look for something that would carry 3 passengers, as well as be a somewhat simpler boat to build. That’s what led me to choosing the Utility design. While not a classic runabout, it does have a certain 1950’s styling (likely because it WAS designed in the 1950’s). It still has a wood deck, and a substantially simpler interior arrangement. So, I bought the plans and moved forward.

I still have Lusitania 13’s transom in the garage. I may finish it and hang it on the wall of my shop one day.
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The Curious Seal

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One of the things I noticed when kayaking is that seals will occasionally pop their heads out of the water to see what I am doing. Humans must be as interesting to them as they are to us.  Seals will even follow me for some distance, alternately swimming under water and stopping to look me over. 
I also noticed that frequently a seal will pop up in the same area.  I dont know if it is the same seal every time or whether this particular area is favored by seals.  The thing is that I never see more than one seal, just one at a time at this particular place when I kayak through this area.  And this has happened for a few years now.  Time to go to the internet to see how long seals live.
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Its the little things

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A caveat with this design.  Most of the instructions for building the basic hull are densely packed on the hull assemble sheet.  I did not do a couple of things correctly, and had to spend time correcting later.

1.  taper the stringers on the sides.  If you dont you will have problems when you stack and tape the panels
2.  Shape the stem BEFORE you unfold the butterfly.  You will get a nicer line.  My forefoot is too straight so is not as pleasing aesthetically.
3.  Get a helper when you unfold the panels,  this will limit breakage and surprises.
4.  Read, read, read.  I think I will put together a better punch assembly key step by step to help with the build of another.  It is not a difficult boat to build, but attention to detail is important.

Here are some pictures of the beginning of fitting the frames.  The center one is temporary.  The others get wired in for gluing.  Only after I am satisfied that all in in alignment will I epoxy any seams.





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The Utility part 2 The Keel

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The Utilitys keel is made from a 1" x 3" x 8 board, laminated on the inner surface with an additional 1/4" x 3" x 8 plywood backing piece. Optionally, the builder can substitute a 1-1/4" thick solid board. I chose the standard laminating method.

This is where I ran into a little trouble. 

Firstly, I had cut the frame notches as precisely as possible, as-drawn on the plans. For the keel notch, it was 1-1/4" deep. 

Secondly, the "1-inch" mahogany board Id bought for the keel was in fact only 3/4" thick. (I touched on this in my last post.) So, after laminating on the 1/4" plywood keel backing, the keel was at this point only 1" thick overall.

I briefly considered scrapping the keel and buying a full 1-inch mahogany board to re-build it. The problem there is that mahogany is quite expensive. Also, as youll read in other boatbuilding blogs (and certainly this one), problems arise. Its a given. If you re-start every time a problem arises, it will take you forever to get the boat built. What Ive found is that boat construction, particularly for the first-time builder, involves a lot of troubleshooting. Frankly, thats part of the fun. At least, I think so.

I decided to simply add a second lamination of plywood in order to make up the needed thickness to match the 1-1/4" notch. I did still have some left-over 1/4" marine plywood, but not enough to cut a full 8 length. So, I decided to try my hand at a scarf joint.

Instructions for making scarf joints were included in the plans. Basically, to scarf two sections of 1/4" material, you bevel the ends of each piece along a 3" span. Then, you flip one piece over, fit one diagonal bevel over the other, and glue the two together with epoxy. Creating the bevel is probably best done with a plane, but I didnt have one at the time. So, I used a small Black and Decker sander.


Scarf joint before being glued.
Scarf joint after gluing.

I glued the scarf joint together and added the second keel backing with Poxy-Shield thickened with #2 Silica. The end result wasnt exactly pretty, but it was functional and felt very solid along the full length of the keel.

As with the Squirt, the Utilitys transom is raked backward at a 12 degree angle. Notches in the transom frame members must be cut before fastening all the transom parts together. This is because the keel and floor battens do not pass through the transom. Instead, they butt up against the transom. Ideally, the transom frame notches should be cut in such a way so as to match the fitted angle of the transom.

I did not do this. Instead, I simply made perpendicular cuts into the transom frame members. As a result, when the assembled transom was fitted to the construction form, my notches turned "downward" 12 degrees. This meant that for proper fitting, I would need to bevel the ends of the keel and floor battens. I did this using a circular mitre saw cutting on a bias, in addition to using a rasp, file and sander.

In the end, it worked out fine. However, Id recommend cutting the frame notches at an angle if possible. I believe the final joint would be stronger.




Aft end of keel after beveling.


Beveled keel fit into its transom frame notch.

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